Egyptian scholars participated in an international symposium in Astana dedicated to the Golden Horde, alongside historians, archaeologists and orientalists from more than 20 countries. The event examined the Golden Horde’s political, cultural and civilizational legacy, including its diplomatic and historical ties with the Mamluk state in Egypt. President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev underlined the need for objective, politically neutral research and described the Golden Horde as a central chapter in Kazakhstan’s national and Eurasian history.